Multiple comparisons of diversity indices invaded by Lantana camara / Análises múltiplas de índices de diversidade da invasiva Lantana camara

Abstract Current study assessed the impact of Lantana camara invasion on native plant diversity in Pothohar region of Pakistan. The approach used for study was random samplings and comparisons of diversity indices [number of species (S), abundance (N), species richness (R), evenness (Jꞌ), Shannon diversity index (Hꞌ) and Simpson index of dominance (λ)] with two categorical factors i.e., invaded and non-invaded (control). Control plots harboured by an average of 1.74 more species/10m2. The control category was diverse (Hꞌ=2.56) than invaded category (Hꞌ=1.56). The higher value of species richness in control plots shows heterogeneous nature of communities and vice versa in invaded plots. At multivariate scale, ordination (nMDS) and ANOSIM showed significant magnitude of differences between invaded and control plots at all sites. The decrease in studied diversity indices in invaded over control sites indicated that plant communities become less productive due to Lantana invasion.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou o impacto da invasão de Lantana camara na diversidade de plantas nativas na região de Pothohar, no Paquistão. A abordagem utilizada para o estudo foram a amostragem aleatória e a comparação de índices de diversidade, como número de espécies (S), abundância (N), riqueza de espécies (R), equitabilidade (Jꞌ), índice de diversidade de Shannon (Hꞌ) e índice de dominância de Simpson (λ), com dois fatores categóricos, ou seja, invadidos e não invadidos (controle). As parcelas não invadidas tinham, em média, 1,74 espécie a mais / 10 m2 que parcelas invadidas. A categoria controle foi mais diversa (Hꞌ = 2,56) do que a categoria invadida (Hꞌ = 1,56). O maior valor da riqueza de espécies em parcelas de controle mostra a natureza heterogênea das comunidades, e vice-versa, em parcelas invadidas. Na escala multivariada, ordenação (nMDS) e ANOSIM mostraram magnitude significativa das diferenças entre as parcelas invadidas e controle em todos os locais. A diminuição nos índices de diversidade estudados em locais invadidos por controle indicou que as comunidades de plantas se tornam menos produtivas por causa da invasão de Lantana.

Acute necrotic hepatotoxicity caused by Lantana camara L. ingestion in dairy cattle / Hepatotoxicidade necrótica aguda por ingestão de Lantana camara L. em bovinos leiteiros

This study describes an outbreak of acute necrotic hepatopathy associated with spontaneous poisoning by Lantana camara L. in dairy cattle. A herd of 15 cows and heifers was introduced into a native pasture with limited food supply, and, sixteen days later, eight animals had spontaneous nasal hemorrhage, fever, lethargy, jaundice, and dry, dark stools with mucus and blood. The clinical course varied from two to five days. In the pasture where the cattle were kept, abundant adult specimens of L. camara L. with evident signs of consumption were observed. In total, seven cattle died and necropsy was performed in three of them. All animals had moderate jaundice, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and on the surface of different organs. The liver was slightly enlarged, with orange discoloration and enhanced lobular pattern. Histologically, multifocal areas of coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area, occasionally extending to the midzonal area, were observed, as well as marked hepatocellular degeneration and prominent cholestasis. The current study suggests that L. camara L. poisoning should be considered a differential diagnosis of acute and necrotic hepatotoxicity in cattle, despite the absence of photosensitization.(AU)

Esse estudo descreve um surto de hepatopatia necrótica aguda associada a intoxicação espontânea por Lantana camara L. em bovinos leiteiros. Um lote de 15 vacas e novilhas foram introduzidas em um piquete com campo nativo, com escassa oferta de alimento. Após dezesseis dias, oito animais manifestaram epistaxe, febre, apatia, icterícia, fezes ressecadas e escuras com muco e sangue. A evolução do quadro clínico variou de dois a cinco dias. No piquete em que os bovinos estavam alojados havia grande quantidade de L. camara L. com sinais evidentes de consumo. No total, sete bovinos morreram, e destes, o exame post mortem foi realizado em três. Os bovinos exibiam moderada icterícia, hemorragias no tecido subcutâneo e na superfície de diferentes órgãos. O fígado estava discretamente aumentado, com coloração alaranjada e padrão lobular evidente. As lesões histológicas consistiam em acentuada necrose de coagulação de hepatócitos em região centrolobular, por vezes se estendendo a região mediozonal, além de acentuada degeneração dos hepatócitos e evidente Colestase. O presente trabalho alerta para que intoxicação por L. camara L. seja levada em consideração nos diagnósticos diferenciais de hepatotoxicidade necrótica aguda em bovinos, mesmo sem indícios de fotossensibilização.(AU)

Morphoagronomic characterization of Lantana camara L. germplasm / Caracterização morfoagronômica de germoplasma de Lantana camara L

The medicinal and aromatic species Lantana camara is a bush that receives a lot of interest regarding ornamental use. However, due to its condition of invasive plant in natural environments, it suffers constant eradication attempts, which causes genetic erosion of the species. To work around this problem, a sample of the genetic variability of L. camara was saved in the Active Germplasm Bank of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). This study aimed to evaluate morphoagronomically 22 accessions of L. camara, collected in 15 municipalities in the state of Sergipe. To carry out morphoagronomic characterization, morphological and agronomic traits were analyzed. Phenotypic variability among the accessions of the L. camara collection for all the analyzed morphological quantitative and agronomic characteristics was observed. The means ranged from 4.91 to 6.90 cm for leaf length; from 2.81 to 5.03 cm for leaf width; from 1.32 to 1.87 for the leaf length/width ratio; from 9.59 to 22.98 mm2 for leaf area; from 99.00 to 215.00 cm for crown diameter; from 85.67 to 214.33 for plant height; and from 1.08 to 2.43 cm for stem diameter. Most accessions presented erect form. The mean number of flowers per inflorescence varied from 12 to 38 flowers. For the agronomic traits, we observed that the dry mass ranged from 49.86 to 649.04 g.plant-1. The mean content of essential oil ranged from 0.13 to 0.26% and yield between 0.10 and 1.55 mL.plant-1. The most divergent phenotypic accessions were LAC-001 (São Cristóvão) and LAC-038 (Moita Bonita) and the ones with the lowest divergence were LAC-004 (Itaporanga D'ajuda) and LAC-019 (Siriri). Thus, it was observed that the variables were efficient to differentiate the accessions and suggest the existence of genetic variability among them.

A espécie aromática e medicinal Lantana camara, é um arbusto muito usado para ornamentação. Devido à sua condição de planta invasora em ambientes naturais, sofre com tentativas de erradicação constantes, o que ocasiona erosão genética da espécie. Para contornar essa problemática, uma amostra da variabilidade genética da L. camara está sendo conservada no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS). Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar morfoagronomicamente 22 acessos de L. camara, coletados em 15 municípios do estado de Sergipe. Para caracterização morfoagronômica, variáveis morfológicas e agronômicas foram analisadas. Observou-se variabilidade fenotípica entre os acessos da coleção de L. camara para a maioria das características morfológicas quantitivas e agronômicas. A média para comprimento de folha variou de 4,91 e 6,90 cm; largura de folha de 2,81 a 5,03 cm; relação comprimento/largura de 1,32 a 1,87; área folia de 9,59 a 22,98 mm²; diâmetro da copa de 99, 00 a 215,00 cm; altura de planta de 85,67 a 214,33 cm; diâmetro do caule de 1,08 a 2,43 cm; A maioria dos acessos apresentou porte ereto. O número médio de flores por inflorescências variou de 12 a 38. Para as características agronômicas observou-se que a massa seca variou de 49,86 a 649,04 g.planta-¹. A média para teor de óleo essencial variou de 0,13 a 0,26% e o rendimento entre 0,10 a 1,55 mL.planta-¹. Os acessos mais divergentes fenotipicamente foram LAC-001 (São Cristóvão) e LAC-038 (Moita Bonita) e os que apresentaram a menor divergência foram LAC-004 (Itaporanga D'ajuda) e LAC-019 (Siriri). Dessa forma, nota-se que as variáveis foram eficientes para diferenciar os acessos e sugerem a existência de variabilidade genética entre eles.

Actividad in vitro de los extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara L., Petiveria alliacea L. y Lippia dulcis T. frente a bacterias patógenas / In vitro activity of the ethanolic extracts from Lantana camara L., Petiveria alliacea L. and Lippia dulcis T. against pathogenic bacteria

Resumen Introducción. La biodiversidad colombiana y los saberes tradicionales permiten la exploración de plantas medicinales con potencial actividad antimicrobiana que podrían usarse para tratamiento de infecciones. Objetivos. Determinar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara L., Petiveria alliacea L. y Lippia dulcis T. sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380 y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la adquisición del material vegetal y caracterización botánica, se obtuvieron los extractos etanólicos por percolación y se realizó caracterización fitoquímica preliminar mediante cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD). Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana, mediante pruebas de difusión con disco y difusión en agar en concentraciones de 1mg/mL y 2mg/mL; para extractos activos se estableció la Concentración Inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB). Para análisis estadístico se realizó prueba t de Student. Resultados y discusión. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 fue sensible con Lantana camara L. y Lippia dulcis T. siendo este último activo también sobre Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380 con efecto inhibitorio superior al 50%. El extracto de Lippia dulcis T. presentó la mayor actividad inhibitoria sobre S. aureus (CMI: 1,95 mg/mL). Ningún extracto mostró actividad sobre Escherichia coli ni Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Metabolitos secundarios, especialmente terpenoides y cumarinas fueron detectados en L. dulcis. Conclusiones. El estudio muestra que productos naturales derivados de plantas medicinales como los extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara y Lippia dulcis, presentan actividad antibacteriana sobre S. aureus y P. vulgaris y podrían ser alternativa promisoria para tratamiento de infecciones bacterianas.

Abstract Introduction. Colombian biodiversity and traditional knowledge allow the exploration of medicinal plants with potential antimicrobial activity, which could be used to treat infections. Objectives. To determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Lantana camara L., Petiveria alliacea L. and Lippia dulcis T. on Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Materials and methods. Performed the acquisition of plant material and botanical characterization, ethanolic extracts were obtained by percolation and preliminary phytochemical characterization was performed by thin layer chromatography (CCD). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and agar diffusion tests at concentrations of 1mg/mL and 2mg/mL; for active extracts, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (CMB) were established. For statistical analysis, Student's t test was performed. Results and discussion. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was sensitive with Lantana camara L. and Lippia dulcis T. The latter being also active on Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380 with inhibitory effect higher than 50%. The extract of Lippia dulcis T. had the highest inhibitory activity on S. aureus (MIC: 1.95 mg/mL). No extract showed activity on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Secondary metabolites, especially terpenoids and coumarins were detected in L. dulcis. Conclusions. The study shows that natural products derived from medicinal plants such as the ethanolic extracts of Lantana camara and Lippia dulcis have antibacterial activity on S. aureus and P. vulgaris and could be a promising alternative for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Estudo químico-biológico do óleo essencial de Lantana montevidensis (chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) contra Drosophila melanogaster / Estudio químico-biológico del aceite esencial de Lantana montevidensis (Chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) contra Drosophila melanogaster / Chemical-biological study of the essential oil of Lantana montevidensis (chumbinho) (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) against Drosophila melanogaster

Introdução: O uso de plantas como inseticidas podem substituir muitos produtos sintéticos por apresentarem baixa toxicidade para os animais e biodegradação no ambiente. A espécie Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), chumbinho, é um vegetal subarbustivo rico de compostos secundários para a sua defesa. O modelo experimental com Drosophila melanogaster tem sido usada para estudos, por apresentar vantagens, pois tem fácil manuseio e rápida taxa de reprodução. Objetivo: Avaliar a composição química e efeito inseticida do óleo essencial (OE) de L. montevidensis contra D. melanogaster. Metodos: O OE das folhas secas provenientes do Crato-CE, Brasil, foi extraído por hidrodestilação e foi analisado por CG/EMS para identificação dos constituintes. No ensaio foi avaliada a mortalidade e geotaxia negativa das moscas, em que elas foram expostas a diferentes concentrações do OE (3-30,5 µg/mL do óleo essencial/ar). Um total de vinte moscas adultas foram submetidas à diapausa por meio de resfriamento e em seguidas foram colocadas em frascos de 300 mL, cuja parte inferior havia papel filtro impregnado com 1 mL de sacarose a 20 por cento em água destilada. Na parte superior (tampa) foi afixado um papel filtro para a aplicação do produto a ser testado, nesse caso o OELM. As leituras foram realizadas a cada 3, 6, 12 e 24 h. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o OE apresentou o ß-Cariofileno (34,96 por cento), o Germacreno D (25,49 por cento) e o Biciclogermacreno (9, 78 por cento) como componentes majoritários, no ensaio inseticida houve uma CL50 na concentração de 15,14 µg/mL em 3 h de exposição, e houve um efeito significativo nos danos do aparelho locomotor das moscas.mConclusão: Este estudo fornece evidências que esse OE apresenta-se como um potencial bioinseticida(AU)

Introducción: el uso de plantas como insecticidas puede sustituir muchos productos sintéticos porque tienen baja toxicidad para los animales y son fácilmente biodegradables en el medio ambiente. La especie Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), Chumbinho, es una planta sub-arbustiva rica en metabolitos secundarios para su defensa. El modelo experimental en Drosophila melanogaster se ha utilizado para varios tipos de estudios, presenta algunas ventajas como: fácil manejo y tasa de reproducción rápida. Objetivo: evaluar la composición química y el efecto insecticida de aceite esencial (OE) de L. montevidensis contra las D. melanogaster. Métodos: el OE de hojas secas del Crato-CE, Brasil, se extrajo por hidrodestilación y se analizó por GC/EMS para identificar los constituyentes. En el test se evaluó la mortalidad y geotaxia negativas de las moscas, donde fueron expuestos a diferentes concentraciones de OE (3-30,5 µg/mL de aceite esencial/aire). Un total de veinte moscas adultas se sometieron a diapausa por enfriamiento y seguido se colocaron en botellas de 300 mL, la parte inferior contenido papel de filtro impregnado con 1 mL de 20 por ciento de sacarosa en agua destilada. En la parte superior (tapa) se haya colocado un papel de filtro para la aplicación del producto a ensayar, la OELM. Las lecturas se realizaron cada 3, 6, 12 y 24 h. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el OE presenta la ß-cariofileno (34,96 por ciento), el germacreno D (25,49 por ciento) y bicyclogermacrene (9,78 por ciento) como componentes principales en el ensayo insecticida había una CL50 de la concentración de 15,14 µg/mL en 3 h de exposición, y había un un efecto significativo en el daño del aparato locomotor de las moscas. Conclusión: este estudio proporciona evidencia de que este OE o se presenta como un biopesticida potencial(AU

Introduction: The use of plants as insecticides may be an alternative to many synthetic products because their toxicity to animals is low and they are easily biodegradable in the environment. The species Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae), chumbinho, is a subshrub rich in secondary metabolites it uses for its own defence. The experimental model for Drosophila melanogaster has been used in several types of studies. Some of its advantages are its easy management and its fast rate of reproduction. Objective: Evaluate the chemical composition and insecticidal effect of the essential oil (EO) of L. montevidensis against D. melanogaster. Method: EO of dry leaves from Crato-CE, Brazil, was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/EMS to identify its constituents. As part of the test, evaluation was conducted or the mortality and negative geotaxis of the flies, to attain which they were exposed to different concentrations of the EO (3-30.5 µg/mL essential oil/air). A total 20 adult flies were subjected to cold diapause and placed in 300 mL bottles with filter paper in their lower section impregnated with 1 mL of 20 percent saccharose in distilled water. Filter paper was also attached to the upper section (lid) to apply the test product OELM. Readings were taken every 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Results: Results showed that the principal components of the EO are ?-caryophyllene (34.96 percent), germacrene D (25.49 percent) and bicyclogermacrene (9.78 percent). In the insecticide test there was a CL50 for the concentration of 15.14 µg/ml in 3 h exposure, and significant damage to the locomotor system of the flies. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that the EO analyzed is a potential biopesticide(AU)

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Lantana camara L. extract in mice / Efeitos antinociceptivos do extrato de Lantana camara L. em camundongos

ABSTRACT: he Lantana camara L. belongs to the family Verbenaceae, which contains several active compounds in leaves and roots and which are reported to have medicinal and insecticidal properties. Studies of plants within the same family show the existence of anti-inflammatory activity in paw edema induced by carrageenan, serotonin and histamine and analgesic activity in the acetic acid writhing and tail-flick tests. The present study investigated whether the L. camara extract (ACE) also exerts these effects. The ACE toxicity was studied in male mice, and the percentage of mortality recorded 7 days after treatment was assessed. The ACE was evaluated as an antinociceptive agent in the hot plate, tail-flick and acetic acid writhing tests at a nontoxic dose of 1.0 g/Kg. The results showed that 1.5 g/Kg of ACE was not able to cause death, and doses of 3.0 and 4.0 g/Kg caused 50% and 60% death, respectively, in male mice. In all of the antinociceptive tests, 1 g/Kg of ACE markedly reduced responses to pain. Our findings suggest that ACE may have active anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties in much smaller doses than toxic.

RESUMO: Lantana camara L. pertence à família Verbenaceae, a qual contem muitos princípios ativos em suas folhas e raízes com propriedade medicinais e inseticidas. Estudos com plantas da mesma família mostram a existência de propriedades antinflamatórias no modelo de edema de pata induzido pela carragenina, serotonina e histamina, além da atividade analgésica nos testes de contorção induzida pelo ácido acético e da retirada da cauda por estímulo térmico. O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos tóxicos e antinociceptivos do extrato de L. camara (ACE) em camundongos. Para tanto, investigou-se a porcentagem de mortes em 7 dias após a administração de diferentes doses do extrato. Avaliou-se também os efeitos antinociceptivos do ACE pelos testes da placa quente, estimulação térmica da cauda e contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético com a dose não-tóxica [1,0 g/Kg]. Os resultados mostraram que 1,5 g/Kg do ACE não causou mortalidade, enquanto que 3,0 e 4,0 g/Kg promoveram 50 e 60% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Em todos os testes antinociceptivos, a dose de 1,0 g/Kg do ACE reduziu a resposta à dor. Os presentes resultados indicam que o ACE apresenta propriedades antinflamatórias e analgésicas em doses muito menores que a tóxica.

Screening antimycobacterial activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia, Centella asiatica, Lantana camara and Pterodon emarginatus / Atividade anti-micobacteriana de Baccharis dracunculifolia, Centella asiatica, Lantana camara e Pterodon emarginatus

ABSTRACT The permanent investigation of new antimycobacterial drugs is necessary for the eradication programs of tuberculosis and other mycobacterium-related diseases. The aim of the present study is to search for new sources of antimycobacterial drugs using plant materials. In this study, 11 plant materials (extracts, essential oils and some fractions) obtained from 4 species of medicinal plants traditionally used as general therapeutics for different illnesses and specifically as treatment of tuberculosis, were evaluated using the microplate resazurin assay against 2 species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex and 3 nontuberculous mycobacteria. The results showed the hexane extract and the essential oil from fruits of Pterodonemarginatus (Vogel) as potential sources of antimycobacterial drugs against 4 species of tested mycobacteria. The hexane fraction of methanol extract from leaves of Centella asiatica also presented significant mycobacterial growth inhibition, but against M. chelonae only. In conclusion, it was possible to contribute to the antimycobacterial investigations by presenting three new samples of plants with significant antimicrobial activity against four Mycobacteriumspp and suggest future studies about the antimycobacterial properties of fruits from P. emarginatus.

RESUMO A investigação permanente de novas drogas antimicobacterianas é necessária no programa de erradicação da tuberculose e de outras doenças relacionadas com micobactérias. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novas fontes de drogas antimicobacterianas usando material vegetal. Neste estudo, 11 materiais de base vegetal (extratos, óleos essenciais e algumas frações) foram avaliados contra 5 espécies de micobactérias. Estes materiais foram obtidos a partir de 4 espécies de plantas medicinais tradicionalmente utilizadas como terapêutica geral para diferentes doenças e, especificamente, no tratamento de tuberculose (Baccharis dracunculifolia, Centella asiatica, Lantana camara, Pterodon emarginatus). Os ensaios foram realizados em microplacas com resazurina contra duas espécies do Complexo Mycobacteriumtuberculosis e 3 espécies de micobactérias não tuberculosas. Os resultados mostraram o extrato hexânico e o óleo essencial de frutos de P.emarginatus como potenciais fontes para drogas antimicobacterianas contra quatro espécies de micobactérias testadas. A fração hexânica do extrato metanólico das folhas de C. asiatica também apresentou significativa inibição do crescimento de micobactérias apenas contra M.chelonae. Em conclusão, foi possível contribuir para as investigações de antimicobacterianos por apresentar três novas amostras de plantas com atividade antimicrobiana significativa contra quatro Mycobacterium spp e sugerir a realização de estudos futuros sobre as propriedades antimicobacterianas de frutos de P. emarginatus.

In vivo redox effects of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl., Lantana grisebachii Stuck and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. on blood, thymus and spleen of mice.

Argentinian native plants Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Lantana grisebachii and Ilex paraguariensis are known to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. We demonstrated it in vivo by the redox changes in murine hemolymphatic tissues after infusive extract intake of these plants as revealed in organic trophism, tissue phenolics, hydroperoxides, superoxide, nitrites and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in thymus, blood and spleen. A. quebracho-blanco reduced hydroperoxidation in blood and spleen of both sexes, with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase negativization in lymphatic organs and thymic nitrosative up-regulation. Males have shown increased phenolic content in blood after treatment. L. grisebachii and I. paraguariensis treatment exhibited incomplete antioxidation and oxidative induction in the studied tissues. Different results according to sex were found in redox response to phenolics and their kinetics, with males showing antioxidant effects, whereas females showed oxidative susceptibility. A. quebracho-blanco exhibited protection of murine tissues against oxidation in both sexes and modulation of their trophism, supporting its therapeutic uses in inflammatory diseases. Also, gender had significant influence in phenolic biodistribution and redox response.

In vitro effects of Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta, Alpinia zerumbet and Lantana camara essential oils on Haemonchus contortus / Efeitos in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta, Alpinia zerumbet e Lantana camara sobre Haemonchus contortus

Phytotherapy can be an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants. This study evaluated the efficacy of Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta and Lantana camara essential oils by two in vitro assays on Haemonchus contortus, an egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT). No effect was observed for L. camara in the EHT. A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the EHT, inhibiting 81.2, 99 and 98.1% of H. contortus larvae hatching, respectively, at a concentration of 2.5 mg mL-¹. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching was 0.94, 0.63 and 0.53 mg mL-¹ for A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta essential oils, respectively. In LDT, L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum and T. minuta at concentration of 10 mg mL-¹ inhibited 54.9, 94.2, 97.8 and 99.5% of H. contortus larval development, presenting EC50 values of 6.32, 3.88, 2.89 and 1.67 mg mL-¹, respectively. Based on the promising results presented in this in vitro model, it may be possible use of these essential oils to control gastrointestinal nematodes. However, their anthelmintic activity should be confirmed in vivo.

Fitoterapia pode ser uma alternativa para o controle de parasitas gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia dos óleos essenciais de Alpinia zerumbet, Coriandrum sativum, Tagetes minuta e Lantana camara sobre Haemonchus contortus através de dois testes in vitro, teste de eclosão dos ovos (TEO) e teste de desenvolvimento larval (TDL). Nenhum efeito foi observado para L. camara no TEO. Os óleos essenciais de A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta exibiram um efeito dose dependente no TEO inibindo a eclosão das larvas de H. contortus em 81,2, 99 e 98,1%, respectivamente, na concentração de 2,5 mg mL-¹. A concentração efetiva para inibir 50% (CE50) da eclosão dos ovos foi de 0,94, 0,63 e 0,53 mg mL-¹ para os óleos essenciais de A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta, respectivamente. No TDL, 10 mg mL-¹ de L. camara, A. zerumbet, C. sativum e T. minuta inibiram em 54,9, 94,2, 97,8 e 99,5% do desenvolvimento larvar, apresentando valores de CE50 de 6,32, 3,88, 2,89 e 1,67 mg mL-¹, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados promissores apresentados neste modelo in vitro, pode ser possível a utilização destes óleos essenciais para controlar os nematoides gastrintestinais. No entanto, a sua atividade anti-helmíntica deve ser confirmada in vivo.

Características citomorfológicas y microquímicas de las especies medicinales conocidas popularmente como aceituno, siete negritos, jacaranda y hierba del cáncer / Cytomorphological and microchemical characteristics of medicinal species popularly known as aceituno, siete negritos, jacaranda and hierba del cáncer

La flora guatemalteca es un potencial recurso para la investigación de plantas medicinales, la cuales han sido utilizadas como alternativas para tratar enfermedades. En la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala se han realizado varios estudios que han comprobado la efectividad terapéutica de las plantas, ya que al ser confirmadas como tales, pueden ayudar a combatir enfermedades infecciosas las cuales representan en nuestro país una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad. En muchos establecimientos se dispensan plantas que dicen ser medicinales; sin embargo, su identidad puede ser dudosa, debido a que muchos de ellos se confían apenas de las propiedades organolépticas para asegurar la naturaleza de una planta determinada. La adulteración o falsificación de plantas medicinales, puede ocasionar una situación perjudicial en la enfermedad de un paciente, retardando o empeorando su curación, además de la pérdida de confianza en la actividad terapéutica de las plantas. Para lograr la calidad de un producto fitoterápeutico, es necesario describir parámetros que sirvan para verificar la identidad y calidad de una droga vegetal; por esta razón se realizó esta investigación, en la cual se establecieron las características citomorfológicas y microquímicas de cuatro plantas utilizadas medicinalmente: Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (jacaranda), Acalypha guatemalensis Pax & Hoffm (hierba del cáncer), Simarouba glauca DC. (aceituno), Lantana camara L. (siete negritos). Para cada una de estas especies se establecieron parámetros de identidad macroscópicas en los cuales se determinó la identidad botánica a través de la observación de la planta y su correcta identificación a través de la elaboración de ejemplares de herbario. Los resultados mostraron que las platas estudiadas presentan las siguientes características: En S. glauca se observó que las características más predominantes son: cutícula muy evidente en la epidermis adaxial, estomas anomocíticos y ciclocíticos, fibras esclerénquimas, abundantes astroesclereidas en todo el mesófilo, parénquima esponjoso extenso con grandes espacios intercelulares, parénquima de almacenamiento de taninos y almidón, pecíolulo bilobulado redondeado con un único haz vascular concéntrico. Lantana camara: hoja de anfiestomáticas, mesófilo dorsiventral e inferior papiloso, epidermis unietratificada compacta, están cubiertas con una cutícula con células de tamaño regular y varios tipos de tricomas glandulares y atenuados en toda su extensión, con estomas de tipo anomocíticos y diacíticos, el sistema vascular es abierto, formando un arco aplanado en la "V" con dos haces accesorios situados dorsalmente venación es de tipo pinnada. En J. mimosifolia no se observó esclerénquima en el tejido de sostén, la forma característica del pecíolo es de forma bilobada con bordes redondeados rústicos con un haz vascular en cada lóbulo, cristales de oxalato de calcio solitarios, se observaron estomas paracíticos, tricomas glandulares y atenuados. A. guatemalensis se observaron abundantes cristales en forma de drusas de oxalato de calcio en toda la hoja, parénquima esponjoso compacto, abundantes diferentes tipos de tricomas en toda la hoja, se evidenciaron células grandes y de diferentes formas en las dos epidermis del mesófilo, con estomas paracíticos. Respecto a los parámetros de pureza, se verificó el porcentaje de humedad del material vegetal resultando inferior al 10% tal y como lo establece la Organización Mundial de la Salud; el porcentaje de cenizas totales se obtuvo mediante tres repeticiones, variando el resultado dependiendo de la especie analizada. Los parámetros anteriormente realizados a cada una de las especies, contribuirán a la elaboración de monografías de control de calidad de las especies nativas en estudio; con la finalidad de garantizar que las drogas vegetales frescas o secas provenientes de estas plantas que se utilicen ya sea en el campo de investigación o en la elaboración de fitofármacos; estén plenamente identificadas antes de su uso y/o comercial.

Anxiolytic potential of ursolic acid derivative--a stearoyl glucoside isolated from Lantana camara L. (Verbanaceae)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the anxiolytic activity of newly isolated compound by our lab called ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside (UASG) from the leaves of Lantana camara (L. camara).@*METHODS@#Column chromatography was used to isolate UASG. Anxiolytic potential was experimentally proved and demonstrated through Elevated plus-maze, Open field and light and dark test.@*RESULTS@#The UASG showed marked increased in time spent (%) and number of frequent movements made by animals in open arm of elevated plus-maze apparatus. In light and dark model, UASG produced marked increase in time spent by animal, number of crossing and reduced duration of immobility in light box.@*CONCLUSIONS@#UASG showed significant increase in number of rearing, assisted rearing and number of square crossed in open field established test model. UASG showed its anxiolytic effect in dose dependent manner.

Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of Lantana camara

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (L. camara) various parts and the determination of their total phenolics content.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging activity(DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and Griess-Ilosvay method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties including radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and nitrites scavenging activities. The antioxidative activities were correlated with the total phenol. The leaves extract of L. camara was more effective than that of other parts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study suggests that L. camara extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions.</p>

Determinación de la actividad antifúngica de extractos de Lantana camara frente a Candida spp / Determination of antifungal activity of extracts of Lantana camara against Candida spp

Objetivo. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar si los extractos de la planta Lantana camara presentan actividad antifúngica frente a seis especies de Candida spp y un aislamiento humano de origen primario. Materiales. Se obtuvieron los extractos etanólicos totales por el método de percolación y se hizo fraccionamiento cromatográfico con eluyentes de diferente polaridad. Se caracterizaron los grupos funcionales mediante espectroscopía infrarroja. La actividad antifúngica se evaluó frente a seis especies de Cándida spp. (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis y un aislamiento primario de C. albicans). La prueba de inhibición del crecimiento se hizo con un ensayo en suero humano, observando con absorbancia a 600 nm las curvas de crecimiento relacionadas. Resultados. El análisis por espectroscopía infrarroja demostró la presencia de flavonoides en los tallos y en las hojas de L. camara. Se encontró una fracción de tallo que inhibió el crecimiento de C. dublinensis y C. albicans, tanto para la cepa de referencia como para el aislamiento primario, y otra que inhibió C. guillermondii. Una fracción de hojas inhibió C. krusei. Conclusiones. Se encontraron fracciones con presencia de flavonoides y con efecto antifúngico en el tallo y en las hojas de L. camara.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if Lantana camara extracts show antifungal activity against six Candida spp. species and one human isolate from primary origin. Methods: We extracted the total ethanol extracts by the percolation method and a chromatographic fractionation was carried out using solvents of different polarities. Functional groups were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The antifungal activity was evaluated against six species of Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. dublinienses, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and a primary isolate of C. albicans). The growth inhibition test was performed in human serum and by observing growth curves at an absorbance of 600 nm. Results: Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of flavonoids in the leaves and the stem of L. camara. A fraction from the stem inhibited C. dublinensis growth and another inhibited C. albicans and C. guillermondii growth. One fraction from the leaf inhibited C. krusei. Conclusions: Chromatographic fractions obtained from the stem and leaves of L. camara contained flavonoids with antifungal effect.

Anatomía microscópica y metabolitos secundarios volátiles en tres estadios del desarrollo de las inflorescencias de Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)

Microscopic anatomy and volatile secondary metabolites at three stages of development of the inflorescences of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). Plants of the Verbenaceae family, like L. camara, have called the attention of researchers, not only because of its high diversity and its distribution around the world, but also for its variable use as popular medicine to treat diseases like tetanus, rheumatism and malaria, and as bactericide and insecticide. To assess this, the morphology and ontogeny of the inflorescences of Lantana camara and the chemical composition of volatile secondary metabolites were analyzed at three different ontogeny stages. Plants were collected from the experimental crop area in CENIVAM, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Fresh inflorescence stages were established and analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope, fixed in FAA and included in parafine. Transversal and longitudinal 10μm thick sections were prepared using a rotative microtome, safranine-fastgreen stained and were observed and photographed using a light microscope. The chemical composition of volatile secondary metabolites were analyzed for each stage. The analytes, obtained from 0.7g of plant, were isolated by solid phase micro-extraction in the headspace mode (HS-SPME) and were placed in 20ml vials. The components were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Stage I was microscopically characterized by an immature development in which the meristematic differentiation begins with a mass of cells. In Stage II, the morphogenetic movement gives way to the formation of the respective floral sexual structures, calyx and corolla. In Stage III, the different organs are conspicuous: four stamens epipetals and didynamous, monocarpelar, biloculate and globose gynoecium, upper ovary and lateral stigma; the flowers are hermaphroditic. The main secondary metabolites detected by GC-MS were bicyclosesquiphellandrene, E-β-farnesene, E-β-caryophyllene, Υ-muurolene + Υ- curcumene and α-zingiberene. Nevertheless, this study reports for the first time in plant species α-gurjunene, Υ-amorphene, α-muurolene, sesquithujene, α-trans-bergamotene and transcadina-1,4-diene. The diversity of compounds found can be only explained by the extraction methods employed, the developmental stages and section of the plant, the geographic conditions, collection time and the genetic constitution of the evaluated species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 473-486. Epub 2011 March 01.

Las plantas de la familia Verbenaceae, entre ellas la especie Lantana camara L., poseen una alta diversidad botánica además de su variable uso. Se describe el avance morfoanatómico de tres etapas de desarrollo de las inflorescencias de L. camara L. (Verbenaceae), recolectadas en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Para esto se tincionaron las estructuras vegetales mediante la técnica fast-green, previo a los análisis con microscopía óptica convencional. El aislamiento de los analitos de cada estadio se realizó mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el modo headspace (HS-SPME) y su posterior análisis de componentes, mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). En el Estadio I se apreció un grupo de células en donde se inicia la diferenciación meristemática. En el Estadio II, los movimientos morfogenéticos dan paso a la formación de las respectivas estructuras sexuales florales, el cáliz y la corola. Al llegar al Estadio III, se observaron claramente los diferentes órganos. Los metabolitos detectados en este estudio y que no fueron encontrados en la bibliografía revisada fueron, el α- gurjuneno, el Υ-amorfeno, el α-muuroleno, el sesquitujeno, el α-trans- bergamoteno y el trans-cadina-1,4-dieno. Los principales metabolitos secundarios detectados fueron: biciclosesquifelandreno, E-β-farneseno, E-β-cariofileno, Υ- muuroleno+Υ-curcumeno y α-zingibereno. Una función importante de éstas y otras esencias florales es la defensa y la protección durante el estrés abiótico de la planta.

Effect of some botanical materials on certain biological aspects of the house fly, Musca domestica L.

The effects of Lantana camara [leaves], Pelargonium zonale [leaves], Cupressus macrocarpa [leaves], Cyperus rotundus [whole plant] and Acacia nilotica [seeds] powders on some biological aspects of house fly, M. domestica L. were tested. The effects of three lethal concentrations LC25, LC50 and LC75 on the larval duration, pupation percent, pupal weight, pupal duration, adult emergence percent, sex ratio, adult longevity, and fecundity were determined. The induced malformed larvae, pupae and adults were recorded and photographed. The powders of the five plants were found to have promising effects in controlling this insect

In vivo toxicity study of Lantana camara

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the toxicity of methanol extract of various parts (Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower and Fruit) of Lantana camara (L. Camara) in Artemia salina.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The methanol extracts of L. camara were tested for in vivo brine shrimp lethality assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the tested extract exhibited very low toxicity on brine shrimp larva. The results showed that the root extract was the most toxic part of L. camara and may have potential as anticancer agent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Methanolic extract of L. camara is relatively safe on short-term exposure.</p>

Adulticidal activity of essential oil of Lantana camara leaves against mosquitoes.

Background & objectives: Development of insect resistance to synthetic pesticides, high operational cost and environmental pollution have created the need for developing alternative approaches to control vector-borne diseases. In the present study we have investigated the insecticidal activity of essential oil isolated from the leaves of Lantana camara against mosquito vectors. Methods: Essential oil was isolated from the leaves of L. camara using hydro-distillation method. Bioassay test was carried out by WHO method for determination of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes. Different compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Results: LD50 values of the oil were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.06 mg/cm2 while LD90 values were 0.10, 0.10, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.10 mg/cm2 against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluvialitis and An. stephensi respectively. KDT50 of the oil were 20, 18, 15, 12, and 14 min and KDT90 values were 35, 28 25, 18, 23 min against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi, respectively on 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated paper. Studies on persistence of essential oil of L. camara on impregnated paper revealed that it has more adulticidal activity for longer period at low storage temperature. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oil showed 45 peaks. Caryophyllene (16.37%), eucalyptol (10.75%), α-humelene (8.22%) and germacrene (7.41%) were present in major amounts and contributed 42.75 per cent of the total constituents. Interpretation &conclusion: Essential oil from the leaves of L. camara possesses adulticidal activity against different mosquito species that could be utilized for development of oil-based insecticide as supplementary to synthetic insecticides.

Mosquito larvicidal constituents from Lantana viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi (A. rich) Verdc (Verbenaceae).

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Lantana viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi is used in Tanzania ethnobotanically to repel mosquitoes as well as in traditional medicine for stomach ache relief. Bioassay-guided fractionation and subtraction bioassays of the dichloromethane extract of the root barks were carried out in order to identify the bioactive components for controlling Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquito larvae. METHODS: Twenty late III or early IV instar larvae of An. gambiae s.s. were exposed to various concentrations of the plant extracts, fractions, blends and pure compounds, and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 1996. Mean mortalities were compared using Dunnett's test (p < 0.05) and lethal concentration calculated by Lackfit Inversel of the SAS programme. RESULTS: The crude extract (LC50 = 7.70 ppm in 72 h) and fractions exhibited different level of mosquito larvicidal activity with subtraction of some fractions resulting in activity enhancement. The active fractions contained furanonaphthaquinones regio-isomers (LC50 = 5.48-5.70 ppm in 72 h) and the lantadene triterpenoid camaric acid (LC50 = 6.19 ppm in 72 h) as active principles while the lupane triterpenoid betulinic acid (LC50 < 10 ppm in 72 h) was obtained from the least active fraction. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Crude extracts and some fractions had higher or comparable larvicidal activity to the pure compounds. These results demonstrate that L. viburnoides sp viburnoides var kisi extracts may serve as larvicides for managing various mosquito habitats even in their semi-purified form. The isolated compounds can be used as distinct markers in the active extracts or plant materials belonging to the genus Lantana.

Osmotic and morphological effects on red blood cell membrane: action of an aqueous extract of Lantana camara / Efeitos osmótico e morfológico na membrana de hemácias: ação de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara

The Lantana camara ("cambara de espinho") leaves infusions are used popularly in some countries to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Osmotic fragility assay and morphometric analysis have been used to verify the interaction of drugs with the membrane of red blood cells (RBC). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Lantana camara on the osmotic fragility and on the morphology of RBC. Blood samples were treated with extract of Lantana camara (10 mg/mL), osmotic fragility assay and morphological analysis were carried out. In the presence of the extract, the data obtained indicated (i) a significant (p < 0.05) increase of hemolysis and (ii) modifications on the morphology of RBC. These effects of the Lantana camara may be associated with some pharmacological properties of the chemical compounds of this studied extract.

As infusões de folhas de Lantana camara (cambara-de-espinho) são usadas popularmente em alguns países para tratar doenças gastrointestinais. O experimento de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfométrica têm sido usados para verificar a interação de drogas com a membrana de hemácias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de um extrato aquoso de Lantana camara na fragilidade osmótica e na morfologia de hemácias. Amostras de sangue foram tratadas com extrato de Lantana camara (10 mg/mL), o ensaio de fragilidade osmótica e a análise morfológica foram realizadas. Na presença do extrato, os dados obtidos indicaram (i) um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) da hemólise e (ii) modificações na morfologia das hemácias. Estes efeitos da Lantana camara poderiam estar associados com algumas propriedades farmacológicas de compostos químicos do extrato estudado.